Researchers and analysts
Universities, research institutes, think tanks, pollsters, economists and consultants.
203 statements from 126 speakers in 37 states and provinces, June 19, 2021 to October 3, 2026. Each appears as said, with the date and the source. No verdict is attached.
Quoted most
- Sarah Porter 9
- Kasey Fowler-Finn 6
- Sean Trende 5
- Robert Davies 5
- Joseph Verruni 4
- Shon Hiatt 4
- Ford Copple 4
- Magellan Strategies 3
- Paul Brown 3
- RMI 3
- Maddy Oritt 3
- Shinsuke Tanaka 2
Every statement, by speaker
Sarah Porter
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Sarah Porter, director of the Kyl Center for Water Policy at Arizona State University, said water consumption varies significantly depending on the design and operational needs of each site.
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new computer chips designed to operate safely at higher temperatures are beginning to curb water demand
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data centers alone are unlikely to destabilize Arizona's long term supply, provided strict local oversight and advanced conservation planning remain front and center
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Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station is the largest industrial water user in Arizona
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Sarah Porter says water use reporting for industrial cooling in Arizona is not detailed enough to determine specific quantities for data center cooling
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Arizona has eight active management areas (AMAs) where data centers are located, monitored and regulated by the Arizona Department of Water Resources
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In Arizona, data center developers and major tech companies have been eager to talk to ASU's research team about their water use and understand community concerns
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Arizona has not seen much hyperscale data center development in the state according to ASU research
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Sarah Porter, director of ASU's Kyl Center for Water Policy, says her team began looking into data center water use about two years ago
Kasey Fowler-Finn
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Data center noise increases cortisol, cardiovascular risk, and decreases cognitive functioning, especially in children.
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Data center noise is concentrated in low frequencies, making it sound like a hum that stands out from broadband traffic noise.
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Low frequency data center noise can travel 800 feet or further, with greatest impacts up to 3,000 feet away.
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Fowler Finn said the 600 foot setbacks are woefully insufficient because the most severe impacts fall within 3,000 feet.
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Low frequency hum from a data center can travel 800 feet or further, compared to traffic sound at 300 feet
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Greatest area of impact from large data centers is 3,000 feet, about half a mile
Sean Trende
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Republicans oppose data centers with a bare majority opposed and just 29 percent strongly opposed.
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By July 2026, support for data centers in or near community was down to 22 percent, opposition was up to 57 percent.
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In December 2025, 34 percent of Pennsylvanians supported data centers in or near their community, 42 percent opposed, and 24 percent had no strong opinion.
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Democrats oppose data centers more than other groups, with 71 percent opposed and more than half strongly opposed.
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In Pennsylvania 7th Congressional District, opposition to data centers runs 74 percent to 14 percent support.
Robert Davies
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The thermal energy coming off the Stratos Project could be equivalent to 23 atomic bombs being deposited on this valley every day in the form of waste heat, potentially raising nighttime temperatures by as much as 12 degrees Fahrenheit
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Robert Davies, associate professor of physics at Utah State University, calculated the project's electricity consumption at more than double what the developers suggest
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Physicist Robert Davies of Utah State University estimated the project could reach 16 gigawatts at full capacity
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Dr. Robert Davies said the project at proposed scale would consume as much power as two states of Utah or three New York Cities
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Heat generated by the Stratos data center complex could create a local heat island that raises daytime temperatures by five degrees Fahrenheit and nighttime temperatures by twenty eight degrees Fahrenheit
Joseph Verruni
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Georgia Power will cut household power bills by 180 dollars annually starting in 2029
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Loudoun County property tax rates have dropped by 40 percent
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PG&E cut rates four times over the past two years by 11 percent total
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Indiana Michigan Power proposed a 5 percent annual reduction in rates
Shon Hiatt
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Non investor owned utilities raise prices when data centers enter their service areas
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Non investor owned utilities have difficulty handling new data centers and raise prices as a result
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Hiatt warned data centers coming now, especially larger ones, may have impact on power prices wholesale
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Shon Hiatt, associate professor at USC, found investor owned utilities like Rocky Mountain Power experienced no effect on power prices from data center entry from 2020 to 2025
Ford Copple
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Ford Copple, tech policy analyst at Sutherland Institute, published report entitled Building a Human Centered Digital Future: Data Center Job Creation
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Both colocation and hyperscale data centers bring short- to medium term, high paying, skilled labor construction jobs
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The Sutherland Institute examined employment tied to data center development
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Larger hyperscale facilities generally support more permanent workers, particularly when they operate advanced computing equipment or include their own power generation infrastructure
Magellan Strategies
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Study found nearly 70 percent of Colorado voters had unfavorable opinions of AI in general
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Colorado voters 86 percent opposed a data center near their neighborhood
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Magellan Strategies survey conducted August 26 to September 2 with 1,389 Colorado registered voters
Paul Brown
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Paul Brown, University Regent, alleged the University's actions resemble environmental racism and that representatives have not conducted themselves appropriately
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Regent Paul Brown calls on University of Michigan to pause the Los Alamos supercomputer data center project
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Brown says the university moved forward without community input, raising concerns about transparency and accountability
RMI
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The report outlined how data centers and other large electricity customers could help finance and scale distributed capacity.
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RMI published a report in November 2025 making the case that off site demand flexibility, energy efficiency, and distributed generation can help meet rapidly growing data center electricity demand.
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Since the report's publication, new laws, commission decisions, and utility proposals have begun creating pathways for large customers to fund distributed capacity.
Maddy Oritt
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Maddy Oritt, University of Utah director of public finance research, says property tax rates will become volatile as equipment depreciates
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Maddy Oritt, director of public finance research at Gardner Institute, said careful project specific analysis can help communities maximize benefits of data center investment while minimizing unintended tax shifts
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Data centers present both opportunities and challenges for Utah's property tax system
Shinsuke Tanaka
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Shinsuke Tanaka, assistant professor of agricultural and resource economics at UConn, an expert on health and environmental economics, discusses how data center issues impact human and environmental health.
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Shinsuke Tanaka stated that downwind pollution from power plants led to higher COVID-19 mortality rates
Dr. Christopher Kadlec
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Dr. Christopher Kadlec warned that emergency backup power systems present environmental considerations, particularly diesel powered generators during severe weather in south Georgia.
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Dr. Christopher Kadlec, Georgia Southern University applied cyber education director, explained that data centers are attracted to Georgia because of infrastructure, power, and Plant Vogtle nuclear generation.
Iowa scientists (group of 146 from 31 colleges and universities)
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Iowa scientists from 31 colleges and universities warn data center boom has increased state energy needs
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Scientists warn that emissions from burning coal are particularly harmful to respiratory health and trap heat in the atmosphere, and that globally the ten most recent years are the warmest on record.
Jacqueline Dowling
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Scientists warn if companies do not use renewable sources to increase capacity, it could be a fork in the road for Iowa as renewable energy leader
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Jacqueline Dowling, assistant professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Iowa, said Iowa faces a fork in the road for rapid generation growth and that renewable and carbon free power have distinct cost advantages.
survey respondents
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87% of residents surveyed oppose any data center development in Peosta
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Approximately 60% of Peosta residents see no benefit to data center development
Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty
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Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty argued that transmission line plans would destroy the landscape that shaped Tom Uttech's artistic career
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The Uttechs did not plan to sell the property so it would have needed to be taken by eminent domain
Abe Silverman
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Abe Silverman, researcher at the Ralph O'Connor Sustainable Energy Institute at Johns Hopkins University, said the grid would be running at the red line
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Abe Silverman, energy consultant and research scholar at Johns Hopkins University, warned of potential monthly blackouts if data centers continue to connect without new power generation
Murry Burgess
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Migrating birds use stars as compass for travel paths, and light pollution obscures stars throwing them off course
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Murry Burgess, assistant professor at Mississippi State University specializing in ornithology and urban ecology, states that light pollution obscures stars used by migratory birds for navigation, causing them to expend more energy and resulting in increased window collisions and mortality
Steve Ceccio
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Environmental impact studies have not been completed at this point
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Steve Ceccio is mechanical engineering professor and data center project lead
Jean Hardy
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Jean Hardy, Michigan State University Associate Professor with the Department of Media and Information, said a data center proposal to Ionia, if it came, would be many years out and is unlikely
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Jean Hardy noted that Ionia has existing water capacity, including infrastructure from the former correctional facility, which could potentially be repurposed for a data center if one came to the area
Nathan Ensmenger
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Data centers have become subject of county hearings, political campaigns, and congressional legislation regarding environmental impact
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Data center environmental awareness has focused on measurable impacts such as water consumption, electric rates, and thermal pollution
Karen Mooney
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MD Anderson Cancer Center delayed two projects planned for next five years due to data center boom impacts
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Data center development in Texas is straining demand for construction materials and equipment
Michael Canon
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Canon proposes five conditions: complete cost causation, public contracts, closed loop cooling with hard caps, newcomers must bring generation, and strategic siting near airports
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QTS at full build will exceed Evraz steel mill in Pueblo as largest single customer Xcel has
experts
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Experts say infrastructure is not keeping pace with data center expansion
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Experts dispute OpenAI's minimal water use claims
Chris Kobus
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Chris Kobus noted that Michigan has perfect conditions for data centers including power infrastructure, cooling infrastructure with water availability, and internet backbone
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Chris Kobus, engineering professor at Oakland University, said there has been an explosion of activism against data centers in Michigan this calendar year
Stephen Moore
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Google committed to replenishing 120 percent of water it consumes with $1.3 million Missouri River Basin conservation project
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Stephen Moore stated data centers are economic engines creating skilled trades jobs and community benefits
Gallup
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Peak opposition to nuclear power plants in Gallup surveys was 63 percent
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Gallup survey in May 2026 found 71 percent of Americans oppose construction of new data centers in their communities to support AI industry
Martin Karsten
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Karsten said most modern data centres use closed loop cooling systems where water or other liquid circulates heat between servers and cooling aggregates without consuming water
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Martin Karsten, University of Waterloo computer science professor, said main difference between traditional and AI data centres comes down to computer type, with AI centres using much higher energy consumption approaching gigawatts
Frank Seo
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Study by Frank Seo examined economic impacts of AI data centers versus auto and food manufacturing in Arkansas statewide and in four rural counties: Calhoun, Dallas, Newton, and Woodruff.
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Data centers compare favorably with auto and food manufacturing facilities in terms of overall economic output at statewide level but generate fewer employment spillovers than traditional manufacturing.
Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute researchers
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New data center facilities would likely provide initial property tax relief through increased property valuation
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Personal property taxes from data centers could create a boomerang or yo yo effect of initial tax decreases followed by offsetting future increases
Rebecca Kilberg
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Research fellow Rebecca Kilberg was one of three Aspen Institute fellows who produced the report that led to the water transparency law
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Three fellows at the Aspen Institute's Aspen Policy Academy undertook research into data center growth in Utah and the Great Salt Lake water level as part of the 2024 Science and Technology Policy Fellowship
Robert Sowby
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Sowby said the approval process for data centers depends largely on whether a project is proposed within city limits, outside incorporated areas, or involving state and federal agencies.
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BYU civil engineering professor Robert Sowby stated there is no single person or agency responsible for approving a large scale data center.
Feras Batarseh
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Feras Batarseh, Virginia Tech AI lab director, expresses skepticism that available technologies will save as much water as O'Leary team claims
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Feras Batarseh, Virginia Tech professor and AI lab director, said groundwater is connected to surface water and ten percent of the Great Salt Lake's water comes from groundwater
Rob Davies
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Thermal output from the Utah data center could raise daytime temperatures by five degrees Fahrenheit and nighttime temperatures by up to twenty eight degrees Fahrenheit
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Analysis by physics professor Dr. Rob Davies indicates the Stratos data center could release heat equivalent to twenty three atomic bombs daily
Jessica Schad
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Utah State University launched an initiative called Data Center Development in Utah to broaden understanding about data centers
Richard Frank
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Richard Frank, Senior Fellow at the California Environmental Law & Policy Center at UC Davis School of Law, and Matthew McKerley, a land use attorney, stated that Proposition 45 would fast track the construction of data centers by rolling back state environmental protections.
Kim Lundgren
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Kim Lundgren, a consultant on data centers for municipalities, states supply is outpacing demand
Lindsay Mark Lewis
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Lindsay Mark Lewis, CEO of Progressive Policy Institute, says Democrats can be pro environment and pro growth with data centers if strong rules are set
Po-Shen Loh
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Po Shen Loh is founder of Live and a Carnegie Mellon University professor
Gil Luria
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Gil Luria, head of technology research at D.A. Davidson, stated that Oracle's New Mexico data center is unlikely to be canceled despite state and local government pushback
Jackson Ader
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KeyBanc analyst Jackson Ader noted Oracle is in the most tenuous cash position among its rivals, with payment schedules misaligned to actual construction progress.
Heidi Cramer
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Heidi Cramer, business consultant for the Florida Small Business Development Center at FGCU, said the data center issue is the most talked about and misunderstood issue.
Mark Specht
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Mark Specht, senior manager for the climate and energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, said it is extremely frustrating to try to understand basic information about data centers.
Morning Consult
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Utah poll reached 744 registered voters from Sept. 10 to Sept. 15 with a margin of error of plus or minus 4 percentage points
Political analysts
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Democrats have broadly staked out a clear position against data centers, while Republicans play defense as public opinion turns against the facilities
Stephanie Leiser
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Stephanie Leiser, director of U M center, quoted on rural communities and data center targeting.
Torsten Sløk
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Torsten Sløk, Apollo Global Management chief economist, warned that the four major hyperscale cloud providers must grow operating cash flow to 2 trillion by 2030.
Joe Craft
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Joe Craft, coal industry executive and UK donor, says data centers will bring thousands of jobs to Kentucky and that state will need 30 to 40 percent more energy
Associated General Contractors of America and National Center for Construction Education and Research
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A September 2026 poll by Associated General Contractors of America and National Center for Construction Education and Research found more than four in ten contractors said labor shortages had delayed a project, and over half of those who worked a data center job said it increased competition for workers
Collectif NRS and COlab research
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Non Canadian data centre operators, mostly American, hold the majority of Quebec data centre ownership with some European stakeholders from the United Kingdom, Poland, France and Netherlands.
John Dedie
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Political analyst John Dedie noted that Democrats are responding to strong voter backpush against data center development and AI
Rhett Larson
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Rhett Larson says data centers are not currently the cause of Colorado River crisis but could worsen the problem
Arizona State University (ASU)
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Arizona State University preliminary study found data centers increase temperatures of nearby communities by 1 to 4 degrees.
Edward Queen
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Edward Queen, director of Emory University's Center for Ethics, stated that when public officials move to the private sector, they risk undermining trust in the system even if rules are technically followed
Mashika Allgood
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Mashika Allgood stated one data center can use more than 1 million gallons of water a day
Patrick Sullivan
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Data centers helping attract major companies like Hitachi Energy to Mississippi according to Mississippi Energy Institute
Uptime Institute
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More than half of data center operators report difficulties finding qualified candidates for vacant roles
David Courard-Hauri
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David Courard Hauri, professor of Environmental Science and Sustainability at Drake University, said Iowa utilities should build more renewable energy instead of fossil fuel plants as Iowa scales up electricity generation to fuel the data center boom.
Emma Stapleton Thornell
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Emma Stapleton Thornell, expert on respiratory effects of air pollution and former research assistant professor at the University of Iowa, said chemical compounds released by coal when burned are particularly harmful to respiratory health and contribute to poor air quality.
Iowa Climate Statement researchers
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Iowa researchers say utility decisions now could affect public health and electric bills for years and state should rely on more wind and solar power instead of building new fossil fuel infrastructure
Jared Walczak
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Data centers in Loudoun County transform the tax base and help fund schools and infrastructure while keeping homeowners' property tax bills lower
Korey Hall
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Korey Hall, associate professor of pre engineering at Kirkwood, expressed concern about data center energy use and environmental impacts
The Buckeye Institute
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The Buckeye Institute argues against a data center moratorium in Ohio and pushes for transparency instead.
Thom Mason
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Los Alamos Director Thom Mason said the center would not produce weapons or use or store nuclear materials and some computer modeling could help assess the safety and reliability of the nation's existing nuclear stockpile
186 Iowa scholars
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186 Iowa scholars issued a statement urging the state to expand renewable energy as it faces data center electricity demand
Ashley Brown
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Ashley Brown, Harvard Electricity Policy Group executive director, said Ramaswamy's plan is not workable
Dave Courard-Hauri
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Dave Courard Hauri, environmental science and sustainability professor at Drake University, moderated the 2026 Iowa Climate Statement press event.
Nearly 200 Iowa scientists
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Nearly 200 scientists from across Iowa signed the 2026 Iowa Climate Statement warning that data centers exacerbate rapid increase in electricity demand.
TradingView analyst
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Regulatory challenges and moratoriums in markets such as New York may delay data center projects
Unnamed polling sources
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Polls suggest voters overwhelmingly hate data centers
John Byers
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John Byers, Boston University AI Accelerator director, said ban on NDAs promotes transparency and cost mitigation for consumers
Kate Saenko
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Kate Saenko, Boston University computer science professor, said Healey's data center executive order is sensible and requires thoughtful process
Oklahoma State University Extension
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OSU Extension Office provided information and expert commentary on Oklahoma's data center debate
Unnamed experts
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Experts warn of a global surge in PFAS production driven by AI and data centers.
Oklahoma State University
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Oklahoma State University analysis states: Data centers are specialized facilities that house servers, storage systems and networking equipment used to support cloud services and digital applications. They enable the storage, processing, and transfer of vast amounts of data, making modern digital services possible.
Bloomberg Law survey (June 2026)
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Around one third of large law firms now have a team or practice group specializing in data centers.
Darrell M. West
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Darrell M. West, Brookings senior fellow, says political backlash to data centers has emerged rapidly compared to other technologies
David Ebert
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David Ebert, U of A Chief AI and Data Science Officer, states data centers' design and energy and water efficiency can be improved through technological innovation
Los Alamos National Laboratory
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Los Alamos officials said no weapons, plutonium or hazardous materials would be produced or stored at the facility
Pam Thomas
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Kentucky state law includes exemption for manufacturing facilities using large amounts of energy from sales tax on energy expenses exceeding 3 percent of gross production costs
Thomas Mason
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Thomas Mason, Los Alamos Director, stated nuclear materials would be absent from the site and no plutonium or other nuclear or hazardous materials would be produced, used, or stored
University of Michigan
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University of Michigan stated the computing center remains in the design phase and water needs and noise levels have not been determined
Vayujeet Gokhale
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Vayujeet Gokhale, physics professor at Truman State University and board member for DarkSky Missouri, advocates for responsible outdoor lighting at data centers using downward pointing lights, motion detectors, and warm colored lights to minimize light pollution without affecting data center operations
Anirban Basu
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Data center related construction activity was byproduct of nonresidential specialty trade employment growth
Chris Kolb
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Chris Kolb, the U of M vice president for Government Relations, said the university is working with the local community
Patricia Hurn
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Patricia Hurn, U of M interim vice president for Research and Innovation, spoke about the project
Bitcoin Policy Institute
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Bitcoin Policy Institute proposed data center dividends model returning part of property tax revenue to households
Bryant Julestrom
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Bryant Julestrom, former St. Cloud State Professor, stated demands from large data centers will diminish and the wisest course may be to wait
Jeff Guilfoyle
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There is currently no specific data center proposal for Saginaw
Sam Lyman
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Sam Lyman stated data center dividends could provide annual payments between $4,500 and $8,900 per household
Siddharth Muzumdar
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Power availability now the first filter in data center site selection, shifting from preferred market approach to power driven approach
Micah Rasmussen
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Data center construction is becoming a central campaign issue in the 2026 midterm elections in New Jersey
Shaolei Ren
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Experts say insufficient public data makes verification of data center water use claims impossible
Jonathan G. Koomey
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Jonathan G. Koomey stated nobody has certainty about data center energy use predictions in coming years
James Jorgenson
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James Jorgenson, an engineering drafting and design education assistant professor at Dunwoody College of Technology, said data centers affect daily life more than many people realize and it isn't just for AI.
Michael Franz
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Michael Franz, co director of the Wesleyan Media Project, said data centers give both political parties talking points they want to use.
Dylan Spaulding
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Dylan Spaulding, senior scientist at the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, said the amount of classified research the facility could be doing is unusual
Ken Simonson
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Ken Simonson, Associated General Contractors chief economist, said data center construction is keeping labor conditions tight
PwC
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Servers, GPUs, networking systems and other ICT equipment require replacement on roughly four to six year cycles
Sutherland Institute
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Sutherland Institute released report on data center economic benefits amid backlash over proposed projects
Jason Bailey
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Jason Bailey of Kentucky Center for Economic Policy warns that data centers could exploit manufacturing tax exemptions under state law to avoid local property taxes and utility excise taxes
Michael Slattery
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Michael Slattery, TCU director of Institute for Environmental Studies, serves as chairman of the commission
Mike Slattery
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Mike Slattery, TCU director, appointed to lead commission and assemble panel
Rebecca Gill
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Data centers have emerged as an issue in Nevada's 2026 attorney general race, with residents in Boulder City, Henderson, Pahrump, and Reno calling for moratoriums or stronger rules.
Bernie Porn
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EPIC MRA president Bernie Porn described 73% opposition to federal tax incentives as a flashing red sign to policymakers
Kasia Tarczynska
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Kasia Tarczynska, who authored the Good Jobs First report, said states created tax exemptions based on smaller scale data centers from 10 to 15 years ago but the industry has changed dramatically due to artificial intelligence deployment
Kentucky Center for Economic Policy
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Kentucky Center for Economic Policy found that legislature's data center incentives could cost the state billions of dollars
Kristian Fors
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Kristian Fors, analyst with Libertas Institute, stated 'You can't manage what you can't measure' and stressed the need for transparency and accountability in government policy
Kathryn Kline Tyndall
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Kathryn Kline Tyndall, Bipartisan Policy Center, stated state task forces might help communities negotiate data center deals
University of Texas/Texas Politics Project
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A June poll from the University of Texas/Texas Politics Project found that 56% of Texas voters don't want a data center in their community, and in rural areas, that number jumped to 62%
James Hensen
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James Hensen, director of Texas Politics Project at University of Texas, noted rural Republican voters feel quality of life is being trampled
Robert Collins
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Louisiana may be a year behind other states in experiencing data center opposition, according to Dillard University political science professor Robert Collins
EmPower Analytics Group
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A separate review by EmPower Analytics Group concluded that swapping 69 temporary turbines for 41 permanent ones would still increase local air pollution and disproportionately affect Black communities
Pradeep K. Khosla
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Pradeep K. Khosla, Chancellor, said the research has potential to transform how AI data centers interact with the electric grid
Dr. Mark Hagerott
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Former North Dakota University System Chancellor Mark Hagerott discussed North Dakota's emerging role in artificial intelligence and data center development.
Nick Amicucci
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Nick Amicucci, Evercore ISI analyst, reiterated bullish view on Bloom Energy, with $350 price target
Mark McNees
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Mark McNees, Florida State University professor, stated: 'Saying rates will not go up because of the law claims an outcome the statute does not deliver'
Paul Arbaje
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Paul Arbaje, senior analyst for the Union of Concerned Scientists, stated that Meta backing out is a possibility regulators must consider
Robert Hogan
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Robert Hogan, Louisiana State University political science professor, said the timeline of events raises serious questions about what Congresswoman Letlow knew and when
Dr. Justin Hoggard
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Dr. Justin Hoggard, LDCC Chancellor, noted how the gift is removing financial barriers for local students
Jesse Harrison
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Jesse Harrison, local IT expert, stated that many data center promises get broken repeatedly based on historical patterns
Todd Taves
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Todd Taves, Ehlers Public Finance Advisors, said the $175 million infrastructure cost estimate is conservative
Greg LeRoy
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Greg LeRoy, executive director of Good Jobs First, stated that since Oregon has no sales tax, it is property taxes that are the big dollars attracting data centers
Landon Marston
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Landon Marston, lead author of a Virginia Tech paper, stated researchers are unsure about the degree to which environmental considerations are in data center siting decisions
Venkatesh Uddameri
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Venkatesh Uddameri, professor and director of the Water Resources Center at Texas Tech University, stated the typical data center uses about 3-5 million gallons of water per day, equivalent to the water use of a city of 30,000-50,000 people
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